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primary team, and LOS with similar resource utilizations, using information from the discharge summaries. This
database is recorded by the head nurse in the GICU upon patient’s admission.
The main aim of reviewing the ICU services in this article is to improve the efficiency of care through the
determinants of LOS at ICUs and the factors associated with the LOS, using the existing database. A cross-
sectional study of patients requiring ICU admissions was conducted as well.

2. Methodology
Data of patients who were warded at GICU and who were discharged from HCTM between January 1, 2015
and August 31, 2020, were included in the study. The characteristics of the patients admitted to the ICU were
explored. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for continuous data, together with median. The
proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented for categorical data. Skewed data were log
transformed and checked for normality. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were conducted
to identify the factors associated with the LOS of care at the ICU. All data were analysed and plotted using
SPSS version 26.0. Analysis of mean difference between groups and univariate analysis are considered
significant different if p < 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. General statistics

Out of 4563 cases with ICU admissions, 4347 admissions with complete information were included. Table
1 shows the overall characteristic admissions data included in the analysis. Most of the admissions required
care at the GICU are from Medical Team (42.3%), the rest are from Surgery Team (31.5%), Neuro Surgery
Team (13.7%) and from other teams (12.5%) (Figure 1). The mean age of GICU admission was 54 years old;
50.7% of the admissions were of patients who were at least 57 years old or older. ICU utilization was higher
among male patients: 60.2%.
Table 1. Characteristic of admissions involved in the study
GICU stay (n = 4347)
Sex – (n[%])
Male 2615 (60.2%)
Female 1732 (39.8%)
Age (years) – (Mean ± SD) 54.33 ± 18.4
Primary Team - (n[%])
A&E 18 (0.4%)
Others 38 (0.9%)
Medical 1839 (42.3%)
Neuro Surgery 594 (13.7%)
O&G 127 (2.9%)
Oncology 17 (0.4%)
Orthopaedic 217 (5%)
SARI/PUI ICU 29 (0.7%)
Spine 75 (1.7%)
Surgery 1369 (31.5%)
Trauma 24 (0.6%)
Length of stay at GICU (days)
Mean (SD) 6.54 (7.061)
Median (IQR) 4 (2-8)

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Artificial Intelligence in the 4th Industrial Revolution