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challenging to be handled. The issue occurs due to the demand peaks, insufficient space, a lack of capacity in
speciality-specific surgical wards, and available beds in surgical wards. Another capacity issue that should be
considered is recovery bed capacity in the surgical department. (Astaraky & Patrick, 2015) state that the
recovery bed capacity should be assured such that the available beds of recovery is adequate.
The limitation of human and material resources, such as nurses, auxiliary personnel, medical equipment, or
places in intensive care units, is also a factor in the capacity problem (Silva, de Souza, Saldanha, & Burke,
2015). Another capacity issue is related to the limitation of the operating room (Liu, Wang, & Wang, 2019).

2.3 Request and Demand

Request and demand are common in open scheduling, which allows the surgeon to select their favourite
surgical day (Dexter, Traub, & Macario, 2003). When the patient requests the surgery date, another request and
demand will occur (Silva & de Souza, 2020). The request often occurs when a surgical request is sent from the
hospital’s waiting list (Banditori, Cappanera, & Visintin, 2013). Frequent request and demand change certainly
cause the surgical scheduling problem.
(Yang, Shen, Gao, Liu, & Zhong, 2015) studied surgeon demand in surgical scheduling based on allocating
the right surgeon in the operation room with the matching time resources. Also, the demand issue that may
relate to the surgical scheduling problem is the demand for resources. (Wang & Xu, 2017) stated that resource
demand is the resources required to complete a surgical procedure. For example, in the intra-operative phase
resources such as material and human resources is needed to perform this phase. Besides that, (Guda, Dawande,
Janakiraman, Jung, & Management, 2016) stated that the surgeon may sometimes request the patient arrive
earlier than the scheduled surgery time.

3. Conclusion

This work reviews the issue of a surgical scheduling problem and categorises the issues into three types
which are (1) Uncertainty; (2) Capacity Planning; and (3) Request and Demand. Based on the review, we can
conclude that all these issues are interrelated and need to be considered in order to cope with the disruption in
the surgical schedule. This ambiguity problem extends beyond the surgical scheduling process and should be
considered in designing a good quality surgical schedule that can cope with disruptions. For future work, we
would like to investigate other issues in scheduling that relates to the surgery procedure. An example is an issue
in scheduling in human resource in surgical procedures such as nurse scheduling, surgeon scheduling, and
anaesthetist scheduling.

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education
Malaysia for supporting and funding this work (grant ID: TRGS/1/2019/UKM/01/4/1).

References
Astaraky, D., & Patrick, J. J. E. J. o. O. R. (2015). A simulation based approximate dynamic programming
approach to multi-class, multi-resource surgical scheduling. 245(1), 309-319.
Banditori, C., Cappanera, P., & Visintin, F. J. I. J. o. M. M. (2013). A combined optimization–simulation
approach to the master surgical scheduling problem. 24(2), 155-187.
Belkhamsa, M., Jarboui, B., & Masmoudi, M. (2018). Two metaheuristics for solving no-wait operating room
surgery scheduling problem under various resource constraints. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 126, 494-
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Chow, V. S., Puterman, M. L., Salehirad, N., Huang, W., Atkins, D. J. P., & Management, O. (2011). Reducing

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